Updating my website today, I was surprised to see that I hadn’t posted a blog since last July. After graduating last May, and finishing the eBook I was working on, I was trying to find the energy to finish my graduate school application for a master’s degree in rangeland ecology, and getting my letters of recommendation. Most of my peers had long been accepted into research positions or vet school by that point. It wasn’t like I didn’t know the direction I wanted to go, I guess I just needed to catch my breath. And now an entire year has passed, my first year in graduate school in rangeland ecology and management is finished marking a year of change.
 
I spent part of last summer riding along on large animal vet calls, which only confirmed my love of livestock and my desire to be of some use to producers using grass pastures and rangeland grazing permits. The funny thing is that I guess I just assumed I'd be accepted into graduate school, but research positions are hard to get funded. So, I ended up applying for and pursuing a professional master’s degree (classes only, no thesis project or research). In the end, I want to be out in the field working with producers, not designing experiments, running statistics, and trying to publish my findings, and searching for funding. Of course as a range specialist, I’ll be collecting and analyzing monitoring data, but hopefully I won’t be chasing funding for my position. So, it wasn’t a disappointment to not get a research position, the professional degree was a great fit.
 
While I have some cattle experience, like 80% of my peers in animal sciences at Colorado State University, I didn’t grow up on a ranch. What experience I do have is based on classes and confined feeding in pens, corrals, and feedlots from working with the university’s cattle when I was on the Seedstock Merchandising Team in 2015-2016. We chose our sale animals, halter broke 16 animals for showing at the 110th National Western Stock Show in the Angus and Hereford pen shows, and finished out 36 bulls for our 40th annual bull sale. I briefly lived on a small farm and fed confined calves after weaning. Let’s just say I learned a lot about how quickly the right feeding plan can go wrong with small changes to the source of cracked corn and how it's milled that can negatively affect fermentation rates. Keeping automatic waterers from completely freezing over, and using the right alfalfa cutting was another variable to contend with, especially during the colder months. Feeding wasn’t difficult, it was the signs of acidosis and respiratory distress that I didn’t catch early in a few calves. It was a hard, painful lesson and the first time I realized just how limited my college education truly was.
 
I was first attracted to range ecology when I attended a Collegiate Cattlewomen’s fundraising event in 2013. One of the seminars offered covered rangeland monitoring and a few of the parents and grandparents of the gals in the club were already using monitoring on their land. In the fall of 2015, I had the opportunity to be the media intern for the Range Beef Cow Symposium, a biennial event hosted in 2015 by my animal sciences department. The producer turnout was amazing, but the topics really hooked me along with a group of young producers that we had specifically tried to recruit for the event. Then attending the Colorado Cattlemen’s Mid-winter meeting and the National Cattlemen’s Beef Association Conference in 2016 made me realize why the Range Beef Cow Symposium was so well attended. Producers were hungry for range information. Although the head of animal sciences had minored in range during his undergrad, range management wasn’t part of my department. It was offered in the natural resources college a few hundred yards away.
 
My first class as a graduate student was a week-long field course with one of the steepest learning curves I’ve ever experienced. New terminology, plant idenfication, soil mapping, ecological site descriptions, it was all new to me. We were out at the Central Plains Experimental Station in Northeastern Colorado's short grass steppe also called the short grass prairie. CEPR was created after the Dust Bowl blew the topsoil off the fragile rangelands-turned-farms in the 1930s. The farms were then abandoned or sold back to the government and turned back into rangeland. We were digging soil pits, collecting plant data along transects, all while trying to assess rangeland health, and if cattle grazing in particular, was aligning with management goals created by a very diverse stakeholder group. We analyzed our data, did a presentation at the end of the week and then churned out a 24-page analysis and recommendation report by the following Friday.
 
Now, I have to admit that previously when I thought about ecology I thought of folks like Aldo Leopold who observed the land in the Sand Hills of Nebraska, implemented changes to try to improve it, and then wrote a book about his success, love of the land, and interrelationships between plants, animals, and man. I still remember in the late 1990s when ecology was focused on “key stone species” that were supposedly hailing the demise of their habitat. So, suffice it to say I was pretty bowled over that all of that was out of fashion and ecology was straining to become a hard science like physics using lots of data and statistical modeling. But genetics as well as stockmanship and stewardship has really become a focus of the current cattle industry, so they’ve been changing, too.  Stakeholders that used to be on the complete opposite ends of the spectrum had come to the table to create better quality rangeland grasses and forbs for grazing for cattle and wildlife, as well as using grazing as a tool to change plant diversity and create habitat for birds. Some of the changes in both disciplines are definitely for the better.
 
While I’d like to say that rangeland ecology as a science can solve all the problems cattle producers have faced since bringing cattle west, I can’t. There’s a lot that can be done to improve rangelands, increase plant diversity, improve wildlife habitat, water quality, and keep the land productive in drought years. But that takes a lot of skill and effort. There’s no one-size-fits-all solution, and there have been many proposed ideas that have been tried. One of my professors likes to say rangeland management is a science and an art. I’ve read so many scientific papers this past year that sometimes I think I can’t possibly keep one more modeling scheme in my mind or remember which group sides with which theory, and who created so many exceptions with their statistics that their stuff is too biased to use. The other thing that kind of shocked me was how much focus there was on plants. Sometimes to the exclusion of cattle and wildlife. While I understand that plants are the bedrock of the system, the key word is system. There is a balance that must be achieved between many moving parts. So, the best answer you can give to any question about improving rangeland sometimes is “it depends.” It’s not being evasive. The best practices for any rangeland ecosystem will depend on multiple factors including the climate, soils, the amount of annual precipitation and precip during the growing season, length of the growing season, the site’s potential to recover, and the type of rangeland you’re dealing with, and much more. By the way, "it depends" is  also an acceptable essay exam answer if you can justify it.
 
I didn’t realize just how diverse grasslands and shrublands were across not only North America, but the entire world. What works in the tall grass prairies, like frequent burning to stop woody plant encroachment and encourage new grass and forb growth, won’t work in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado, or in big sagebrush country like in the Great Basin that developed over hundreds of years with fire frequency intervals of 30 years or more. With the invasion of cheatgrass into this ecosystem, the grass can dry quickly and become fuel for lightning strike fires and even move the whole system into annual fire cycles that it can’t handle. The plant communities found in many North American rangelands may have some overlap, but generally they’re pretty different in each ecosystem type.
 
I studied rangeland herbivores in the spring term, and I found out that wild ruminants have some adaptations that have either been bred out of domesticated cattle or they don’t need  them  when they’re only out on the range for one season and finished in a feedlot. Yet almost all the research on plant responses to grazing is based on domestic cattle, save for a few studies from Africa in the 1970s and 80s. This leaves the grasslands in the U.S. very understudied for some plant/animal relationships and responses. And there’s a growing body of scientific evidence that symbiotic relationships also exist between fungi and plants, and all kinds of insects, worms, nematodes, as well as the soil’s chemical properties.
 
One thing I found frustrating is that range calculations for stocking rates are out of date and if you’re using ecological site descriptions that are not current you’re going to make some pretty big mistakes. You’re going to end up overstocking and overgrazing the land although some range scientists will argue that they still work, which I don’t understand. Obviously moderate stocking rates are super important for both the plants and livestock, because the majority of studies have found a positive response in regrowth from the plants, enough plant material left behind to aid in rain water capture and ground water recharge, and the cattle get enough to eat. But if you’re going to use math to figure out proper rates, the details matter. Sure, today’s cattle are more efficient at feed conversion, but they’re also a whole lot bigger. Plus, you also have to take cattle behavior into account, which often requires active management and moving the animals through rangeland pastures quickly so they don’t just pick their favorite plants, unintentionally selecting for less palatable species. GIS mapping software and my skilled peers who knew the program, helped us exclude steep grades that cattle won’t graze when looking at pasture production rates to get the best stocking rate fit for a ranch management plan critique. You have to account for areas that will be under used or unused. You can't just use the forage production numbers for an entire site for the calculation. The ecological site descriptions we had listed cattle at 900 pounds when suggesting  stocking rates. Not many folks are running cattle that small around here. At the fall Colorado Section Meeting for the Society for Range Management, one range producer presented a talk on profitability that included reducing frame size for range cattle and you would’ve thought he was a heretic or something. Honestly, I feel like I made a nuisance of myself asking why we’re not accounting for improved cattle genetics, asking where the calculations for donkeys came from because that wasn’t what I learned in equine nutrition, asking, and asking, and always asking. But it’s because I want to understand. I don’t want to go out to help producers, end up making poor recommendations, and lose their trust. I understand the economic component on the cattle side, too. Maybe more than some of my peers that have even less cattle knowledge than I do.
 
Being in the field and learning to assess rangelands, ranches, and riparian areas on the land without making judgements about past management failures and successes, and being mentored by peers, professors, ranch managers, and visiting experts was probably the best experience I’ve had so far. Although, I’m gun-shy and not foolish enough to think that a college education is the be-all-end-all. I know I’ll need mentorship in my job from my supervisors, co-workers, and ranchers who have lived off the land because that’s hard-earned expertise that can’t be ignored.
 
This coming year, I’ll be the teaching assistant for the field class and a rangeland monitoring class I took last year. I’m looking forward to teaching because it will help me learn the material better. I’m also curious to see what the students discover as they survey rangelands around Northern Colorado and if anything would change with my assessment after a year of school. I have other stories to share about things I’m learning and experiencing, but I’ll save those for another blog. I’ll just end by saying that as hard as some of my classes have been, I know that I’m making the right career choice and I can’t wait to get more experience.

Remnants of old cattle operations can be found in reclaimed rangeland across Northern Colorado. Soapstone Prairie runs north up to the Wyoming boarder and includes remnants like this windmill and fencing. Photo by Dixie Crowe. 

Dr. Patrick McCue, DVM and Dr. Ryan Ferris, DVM just released their second book on cases they've treated in the Colorado State University Equine Reproduction  Laboratory on iTunes. I had the pleasure of compiling the book, editing the videos, and adding more interactive features in this volume. 

Just like the first ebook in the series, this book has built-in interactivity that allows the reader to view videos, tables, charts and photos, define words in the book, connect to outside resources, make study cards, highlight text, and make notes. There are also photos and other material that can be viewed in full-screen mode.

Volume 2 is comprised of 25 clinical cases: seven in the non-pregnant mare, three in the pregnant mare, two in the foaling mare, three in the postpartum mare, five in foals and five in the stallion. The book is geared towards the practicing veterinarian, student, and horse owner. It provides invaluable information on specific cases, how they were diagnosed and treated, and their final outcome.

The eBook is available on iTunes for $9.99 and includes a free preview chapter. 

​https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/clinical-cases-in-equine-reproduction/id1134752792?mt=11

​A warmer than usual spring day is not an assurance that a newborn calf won’t become hypothermic. Some cattle breeds are better suited to colder climates while other that have Bos Indicus cross breeding with Brahman or other composites that are bred for hotter climates can be vulnerable to moderate temperatures as well as spring snowstorms.
 
Experienced cows usually don’t need assistance calving. They lick and dry their calves quickly and encourage them to stand. Their udders bag up well and they nudge and turn to direct their calves to their teats. First calf heifers on the other hand follow these instincts quickly, take longer, or may completely ignore their calf.
 
According to Colorado State University veterinarian Dr. Frank Garry the transition from the uterus to living outside of mom is a tremendous change for the animal especially for respiration and the heart.
 
“Birth is a complete radical shift from a temperature-controlled environment into the world; the calf must quickly adapt and create its own heat.”
 
Dr. Garry spoke to cattle producers in November at the Range Beef Cow Symposium on how to assist compromised and weak calves. More neonatal deaths occur from heifers because they don't have the experience he said. A calf safety checklist can help producers decide when to intervene. It includes signs of lethargy and delayed time to stand or suckle. If it takes over 15 minutes to stand the calf may die in cold weather. For calf survival, it is important to intervene, assist the calf, and take its temperature as part of a health assessment.
 
His information came in handy a few weeks ago when my friend’s bucking bull calf was born in the late afternoon on a moderate spring day. No one had seen the calf’s birth, but suspected it hasn’t gotten up or suckled. We waited a few hours, the sun had set, but the calf was still on all our minds. When approaching a pair, usually they will get up and move away, but if the calf can’t stand and move away it is a good sign that intervention is necessary. We pulled the calf from the corral into a heated workshop and mixed a bottle of colostrum powder with warm water, which we knew the calf needed immediately since it hadn’t gotten that important immunity building first milk from its dam.
 
The calf was shivering in convulsive waves even though the ambient air temperature was mild, and while we could get the bottle’s nipple in her mouth she just wouldn’t suckle. What we didn’t realize at first even though we’d had our fingers in her mouth to get the nipple in, was that her cold mouth was a sign that she was hypothermic. Besides rubbing her, we put her on a heating pad, and wrapped her in blankets. Her temperature was only a few degrees below normal, but she obviously would not have made it through the night with out help. After her body temperature was closer to normal, she was able to suckle and drink from the bottle. She stayed in the shop overnight surrounded by hay bales, and was fed a second bottle in the morning.

Not wanting to raise a bottle calf, which would require feeding every few hours, it was important to reintroduce the calf to her mom as quickly as possible. The dam was brought into a small pen and the calf had a commercial product applied topically to reduce rejection from unfamiliar smells. However the heifer ignored her calf. Next, she was put in a chute, milked out and then the calf was allowed to suckle. That was all it took. They stayed in the pen together away from the other cow-calf pairs for a few days until it was clear that they had re-bonded and the calf was feeding normally.
 
In hindsight, earlier intervention would have been easier on the calf, the dam, and us. The calf responded well after being taken inside and warmed up. However, if the weather had been much colder or if we had waited longer we might not have been so lucky.